This study aims to analyze the impact of intellectual capital disclosure and enterprise risk management disclosure on firm value, with competitive advantage acting as a mediating role, in the context of banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period from 2019 to 2023. This research is categorized as quantitative research and uses secondary data from 34 conventional banking companies. The methodology applied in this study involves documentation techniques for data collection, where the financial statements and annual reports of each company serve as the primary source of information. The data obtained were analyzed using the statistical software Stata. The research findings indicate that intellectual capital disclosure has a positive and significant impact on competitive advantage. Conversely, enterprise risk management disclosure does not show a significant impact on competitive advantage. Furthermore, both intellectual capital disclosure and enterprises risk management disclosure, as well as competitive advantage, consistently contribute positively and significantly to increased firm value. However, competitive advantage does not act as a mediator in the relationship between intellectual capital disclosure and enterprise risk management disclosure on firm value.

The turn of the millennium has experienced an unprecedented surge in humanitarian crises across various regions. Record levels of forced displacements primarily driven by political factors such as armed conflict has created immense need for humanitarian intervention and assistance. Paradoxically, the environments in which humanitarian operations take place have become increasingly insecure, especially in conflict-affected regions. Humanitarian organizations are increasingly operating in high-risk environments marked by armed conflict, post conflict political, economic and security instability, terrorism, civil unrest and natural disasters. These complex and often volatile settings pose significant threats to the safety and security of humanitarian personnel and operations necessitating robust contingency planning and the development of effective standard operating procedures (SOPs). This research paper explores how humanitarian organizations can enhance the design and implementation of field-level security, natural disasters and health emergencies contingency plans to better protect staff, communities and aid beneficiaries and ensure operational continuity. Drawing on existing literature, organizational policies, procedures and reports, field reports and case studies, the study identifies key components of effective contingency planning for high-risk humanitarian contexts. It examines common challenges in insecure contexts and highlights best practices. The research underscores the importance of context-specific, adaptable, and regularly updated contingency plans that integrate local risk analysis and staff training. The paper concludes with practical recommendations aimed at strengthening institutional preparedness and resilience in increasingly complex and insecure humanitarian landscapes.

This review addresses the critical need for a competency framework for pre-service teachers in National Defense and Security Education (NDSE) amidst an evolving global security landscape. Traditional state-centric defense has given way to a paradigm of societal resilience against hybrid threats, demanding a more complex role for educators. This paper reviews international literature on teacher competency, pedagogical approaches, and national NDSE systems to deconstruct teaching competency into four core domains: Content and Curriculum, Pedagogy and Andragogy, Technological Integration, and Affective-Civic Development. Through a comparative analysis of specialist (U.S. JROTC), societal resilience (Finland), and Vietnamese models, this article identifies key challenges and best practices. It culminates in a proposed comprehensive competency framework to guide curriculum development and teacher training, aiming to equip future educators with the integrated capabilities needed to foster critical thinking, ethical responsibility, and active citizenship, thereby contributing to national resilience.

Physical education (PE) teachers play a critical role in fostering lifelong fitness habits among learners, yet they often encounter substantial barriers in promoting physical activity within educational settings. This qualitative phenomenological study explores the lived experiences of licensed PE teachers at a Philippine state university, aiming to understand the challenges they face in delivering effective and engaging fitness programs. Using purposive sampling, the researchers conducted face-to-face interviews with experienced educators and analyzed the data through thematic analysis. Findings reveal three key thematic clusters: (1) Lived Experiences in PE Instruction, highlighting student engagement, participation barriers, curriculum flexibility, and the need for instructional adaptation; (2) Structural and Institutional Barriers, including limited facilities, insufficient time allocation, and the necessity for teacher adaptability; and (3) Proposed Engagement Frameworks, encompassing student-centered approaches, motivational and gamified strategies, and recommendations for program enhancement. Participant narratives emphasized that resource constraints and lack of institutional support hinder the full realization of inclusive and motivating fitness instruction. Despite these challenges, PE teachers exhibit resourcefulness and adaptability to maintain student interest. This study offers valuable insights into the intersection of pedagogy, policy, and practice within physical education. By highlighting the lived experiences of PE teachers, it underscores the urgent need for improved infrastructure, adequate time allocation within the curriculum, and ongoing professional development. These findings emphasize the importance of supporting educators in delivering inclusive and meaningful fitness instruction. Ultimately, the study serves as a guide for educational stakeholders in designing more equitable, engaging, and sustainable physical education programs—both within the Philippine educational system and in broader international contexts.

This study examines the extent to which mobile technologies can foster human development when combined with digital inclusion factors such as access to electricity and higher education. It seeks to provide an integrated understanding of how these complementarities influence development outcomes in African countries.The analysis employs a hierarchical Bayesian mixed-effects model on panel data from 36 African countries covering the period 2000–2022, accounting for heterogeneity, temporal dynamics, and statistical uncertainty. The study applies Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) to ensure the robustness and reliability of empirical results. The results reveal three main insights. First, direct effects show that mobile phone technologies, rural electrification, female labor force participation, and rural population size have a significant positive impact on human development, while variables such as political stability and public health spending display varying effects depending on the development level. Second, the impact of mobile technologies is more pronounced in countries with a low HDI, following an inverted U-shaped relationship where initial gains diminish as countries advance in development. Third, the mediating role of digital inclusion is evident, as the benefits of mobile technology adoption are greatly amplified when combined with higher education enrollment or access to electricity in rural areas, sometimes doubling the observed impact. The findings underline the importance of designing integrated public policies that harmonize technological innovation and digital inclusion strategies to promote sustainable and equitable human development, especially in rural and marginalized areas. This study contributes to the literature by focusing on African countries where mobile technologies have rapidly expanded despite persistent structural challenges in education, health, and poverty reduction. It moves beyond prior research that primarily investigated direct ICT–development links, offering an integrated perspective on the interplay between ICTs, digital inclusion, and human development. The methodological use of advanced Bayesian econometrics further strengthens the credibility of the results.