This study aims to analyze the impact of intellectual capital disclosure and enterprise risk management disclosure on firm value, with competitive advantage acting as a mediating role, in the context of banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period from 2019 to 2023. This research is categorized as quantitative research and uses secondary data from 34 conventional banking companies. The methodology applied in this study involves documentation techniques for data collection, where the financial statements and annual reports of each company serve as the primary source of information. The data obtained were analyzed using the statistical software Stata. The research findings indicate that intellectual capital disclosure has a positive and significant impact on competitive advantage. Conversely, enterprise risk management disclosure does not show a significant impact on competitive advantage. Furthermore, both intellectual capital disclosure and enterprises risk management disclosure, as well as competitive advantage, consistently contribute positively and significantly to increased firm value. However, competitive advantage does not act as a mediator in the relationship between intellectual capital disclosure and enterprise risk management disclosure on firm value.

The turn of the millennium has experienced an unprecedented surge in humanitarian crises across various regions. Record levels of forced displacements primarily driven by political factors such as armed conflict has created immense need for humanitarian intervention and assistance. Paradoxically, the environments in which humanitarian operations take place have become increasingly insecure, especially in conflict-affected regions. Humanitarian organizations are increasingly operating in high-risk environments marked by armed conflict, post conflict political, economic and security instability, terrorism, civil unrest and natural disasters. These complex and often volatile settings pose significant threats to the safety and security of humanitarian personnel and operations necessitating robust contingency planning and the development of effective standard operating procedures (SOPs). This research paper explores how humanitarian organizations can enhance the design and implementation of field-level security, natural disasters and health emergencies contingency plans to better protect staff, communities and aid beneficiaries and ensure operational continuity. Drawing on existing literature, organizational policies, procedures and reports, field reports and case studies, the study identifies key components of effective contingency planning for high-risk humanitarian contexts. It examines common challenges in insecure contexts and highlights best practices. The research underscores the importance of context-specific, adaptable, and regularly updated contingency plans that integrate local risk analysis and staff training. The paper concludes with practical recommendations aimed at strengthening institutional preparedness and resilience in increasingly complex and insecure humanitarian landscapes.

This review addresses the critical need for a competency framework for pre-service teachers in National Defense and Security Education (NDSE) amidst an evolving global security landscape. Traditional state-centric defense has given way to a paradigm of societal resilience against hybrid threats, demanding a more complex role for educators. This paper reviews international literature on teacher competency, pedagogical approaches, and national NDSE systems to deconstruct teaching competency into four core domains: Content and Curriculum, Pedagogy and Andragogy, Technological Integration, and Affective-Civic Development. Through a comparative analysis of specialist (U.S. JROTC), societal resilience (Finland), and Vietnamese models, this article identifies key challenges and best practices. It culminates in a proposed comprehensive competency framework to guide curriculum development and teacher training, aiming to equip future educators with the integrated capabilities needed to foster critical thinking, ethical responsibility, and active citizenship, thereby contributing to national resilience.

Physical education (PE) teachers play a critical role in fostering lifelong fitness habits among learners, yet they often encounter substantial barriers in promoting physical activity within educational settings. This qualitative phenomenological study explores the lived experiences of licensed PE teachers at a Philippine state university, aiming to understand the challenges they face in delivering effective and engaging fitness programs. Using purposive sampling, the researchers conducted face-to-face interviews with experienced educators and analyzed the data through thematic analysis. Findings reveal three key thematic clusters: (1) Lived Experiences in PE Instruction, highlighting student engagement, participation barriers, curriculum flexibility, and the need for instructional adaptation; (2) Structural and Institutional Barriers, including limited facilities, insufficient time allocation, and the necessity for teacher adaptability; and (3) Proposed Engagement Frameworks, encompassing student-centered approaches, motivational and gamified strategies, and recommendations for program enhancement. Participant narratives emphasized that resource constraints and lack of institutional support hinder the full realization of inclusive and motivating fitness instruction. Despite these challenges, PE teachers exhibit resourcefulness and adaptability to maintain student interest. This study offers valuable insights into the intersection of pedagogy, policy, and practice within physical education. By highlighting the lived experiences of PE teachers, it underscores the urgent need for improved infrastructure, adequate time allocation within the curriculum, and ongoing professional development. These findings emphasize the importance of supporting educators in delivering inclusive and meaningful fitness instruction. Ultimately, the study serves as a guide for educational stakeholders in designing more equitable, engaging, and sustainable physical education programs—both within the Philippine educational system and in broader international contexts.

This study examines the extent to which mobile technologies can foster human development when combined with digital inclusion factors such as access to electricity and higher education. It seeks to provide an integrated understanding of how these complementarities influence development outcomes in African countries.The analysis employs a hierarchical Bayesian mixed-effects model on panel data from 36 African countries covering the period 2000–2022, accounting for heterogeneity, temporal dynamics, and statistical uncertainty. The study applies Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) to ensure the robustness and reliability of empirical results. The results reveal three main insights. First, direct effects show that mobile phone technologies, rural electrification, female labor force participation, and rural population size have a significant positive impact on human development, while variables such as political stability and public health spending display varying effects depending on the development level. Second, the impact of mobile technologies is more pronounced in countries with a low HDI, following an inverted U-shaped relationship where initial gains diminish as countries advance in development. Third, the mediating role of digital inclusion is evident, as the benefits of mobile technology adoption are greatly amplified when combined with higher education enrollment or access to electricity in rural areas, sometimes doubling the observed impact. The findings underline the importance of designing integrated public policies that harmonize technological innovation and digital inclusion strategies to promote sustainable and equitable human development, especially in rural and marginalized areas. This study contributes to the literature by focusing on African countries where mobile technologies have rapidly expanded despite persistent structural challenges in education, health, and poverty reduction. It moves beyond prior research that primarily investigated direct ICT–development links, offering an integrated perspective on the interplay between ICTs, digital inclusion, and human development. The methodological use of advanced Bayesian econometrics further strengthens the credibility of the results.

The Hybrid Flexible (HyFlex) class delivery model has emerged as a transformative approach in higher education, offering students the flexibility to attend classes in-person, online synchronously, or asynchronously. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between hyflex class delivery readiness and learning competencies among Rizal Technological University bachelor of science in office administration students. A non-parametric statistics was used, and 348 students participated in the research-made survey. The results revealed that there's a moderate relationship between hyflex class delivery readiness and learning competencies. The moderate relationship between HyFlex class delivery readiness and learning competencies suggests that while preparedness for the HyFlex learning model is an important factor in determining student success, it is not the sole predictor of their overall academic performance. This insight carries significant practical implications for educational institutions, particularly those implementing or planning to adopt the HyFlex delivery system.

Capital structure remains a critical issue in corporate finance, particularly in Nigeria where inflation, exchange-rate volatility, and high interest rates significantly shape financing decisions. The industrial goods sector, which includes cement, building materials, and heavy manufacturing firms listed on the Nigerian Exchange Group (NGX), is highly capital intensive and thus sensitive to financing choices. This study examined the effect of capital structure on financial performance, measured by return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and Tobin’s Q. An ex post facto research design with a quantitative approach was adopted. Secondary data were sourced from audited financial reports of listed industrial goods companies between 2013 and 2022. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression techniques were applied to evaluate the impact of short-term debt, long-term debt, and equity financing on firm performance. Findings show that short-term debt significantly improved ROA, suggesting effective support for liquidity and operational efficiency. Long-term debt negatively affected ROE, reflecting high borrowing costs, inflationary pressures, and foreign exchange risks. Equity financing positively influenced Tobin’s Q, indicating that stronger equity bases enhance resilience and market valuation during macroeconomic shocks. The study concludes that capital structure decisions materially influence firm performance in Nigeria’s industrial goods sector. Firms are advised to adopt an optimal capital mix, minimize long-term debt, and strengthen equity financing. Regulators such as the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) should deepen capital market participation and promote equity financing to ensure financial sustainability.

Corruption has emerged as a critical barrier to effective regulatory governance in Nigeria’s chemical sector. Despite the presence of formal regulatory frameworks led by agencies such as the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) and the Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON), enforcement of chemical product policies remains weak, undermined by bribery, regulatory capture, and political interference. This study investigates the extent to which corruption compromises regulatory enforcement and examines the health implications arising from these policy failures. Anchored on Institutional Theory and Public Choice Theory, the study employed a mixed-methods design, combining survey data from 300 respondents including regulatory officials, health workers, and community members with secondary document reviews. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between corruption and health outcomes. Findings indicate that corruption significantly undermines chemical regulation, facilitating the circulation of expired, counterfeit, and hazardous products across Nigerian markets. The health consequences are severe, with high incidences of pesticide poisoning, respiratory ailments, and long-term exposure to carcinogenic chemicals. Statistical analysis revealed a moderate but significant positive correlation (r = 0.482, p < 0.05) between corruption in regulatory institutions and adverse health outcomes, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. The study concludes that Nigeria’s chemical regulatory system reflects a gap between policy adoption and implementation, sustained by systemic corruption. Unless structural reforms are implemented to strengthen institutional accountability and minimize rent-seeking practices, public health and environmental sustainability will remain compromised.

Access to quality education in rural Nigeria remains a persistent challenge, largely due to socio-economic disparities, inadequate infrastructure, and limited teacher availability. Educational administrators play a pivotal role in mitigating these barriers by implementing inclusive policies, fostering equitable learning environments, and mobilizing both human and material resources. This study investigates the influence of school leadership practices on equity and access, focusing particularly on marginalized groups, including girls, in rural settings. Employing a mixed-methods design, quantitative data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to 300 respondents including school administrators, teachers, and students across Northern and Southeastern Nigeria, while qualitative insights were gathered via semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. Findings reveal that transformational and democratic leadership styles are positively associated with increased student engagement, and motivate teachers, promote mentorship programs, and encourage inclusive classroom participation, while democratic leaders facilitate participatory decision-making, stakeholder collaboration, and community involvement. Nevertheless, systemic barriers

This study examines the influence of integrity-based leadership on risk culture in Nigerian corporations, with a focus on how integrity practices such as transparency, accountability, and ethical reporting affect risk identification, disclosure, and mitigation. Using a quantitative research design, data were collected from 320 respondents across selected corporations in finance, insurance, and logistics sectors. A simple linear regression analysis revealed that integrity-based leadership significantly influenced risk culture (β = .65, p < .001), accounting for 43% of the variance. This finding indicates that organisations led by integrity-driven leaders exhibit stronger cultures of compliance, safety, and accountability. Furthermore, a multiple regression model demonstrated that integrity practices jointly explained 61% of the variance in risk management outcomes. Transparency emerged as the strongest predictor (β = .41, p < .001), followed by accountability (β = .37, p < .001) and ethical reporting (β = .31, p = .002). These results suggest that corporations that institutionalise integrity practices are more effective in identifying, disclosing, and mitigating risks. The findings align with both agency theory and ethical leadership theory, underscoring that integrity functions as a governance mechanism that reduces moral hazard, strengthens risk culture, and enhances organisational resilience. The study contributes to the growing body of Nigerian scholarship on governance and risk management, highlighting integrity-based leadership as a corrective and transformative force in fragile institutional environments.

This study examines the impact of leadership styles of female school administrators on girls’ access to Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education in rural Nigerian schools. Despite national and global efforts to bridge gender gaps in education, girls in rural areas continue to face structural, socio-cultural, and institutional barriers that limit their participation in STEM. Using a mixed-methods design, data were collected from 12 rural schools across Northern, South-West, and South-East Nigeria through surveys, interviews, and focus group discussions involving 320 students, 48 teachers, and 12 administrators. Findings revealed that transformational and democratic leadership styles, characterized by inclusivity, mentorship, and participatory decision-making, significantly improved girls’ STEM enrollment and persistence. Specifically, schools led by female administrators recorded an average of 18% higher enrollment of girls in STEM subjects compared to those led by male counterparts. Empirical evidence further showed that female administrators implemented gender-sensitive strategies such as after-school science clubs, scholarship advocacy, and teacher mentorship programs that directly addressed cultural stereotypes framing STEM as a male domain. At the community level, female leadership produced ripple effects, with parents increasingly valuing and supporting their daughters’ participation in STEM education. Theoretically, the study draws on Social Role Theory and Gender and Education Equity Theory to explain how female administrators’ leadership practices both align with and challenge socio-cultural norms, thereby expanding girls’ educational opportunities. The findings highlight the pivotal role of female leadership in advancing Nigeria’s development goals by promoting gender equity in STEM education.

The increasing frequency and sophistication of state-sponsored cyberattacks present a critical challenge to national security, economic stability, and international governance. This study examines the role of cyber diplomacy as a strategic tool for mitigating such threats, with a focus on Nigeria and comparative insights from international practices. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research combines qualitative analyses of policy frameworks, institutional initiatives, and diplomatic engagements with quantitative surveys of cybersecurity professionals, diplomats, and policymakers. Findings reveal that while Nigeria has established foundational mechanisms, including the Cyber Diplomacy Unit and the National Cybersecurity Policy and Strategy (NCPS), implementation remains fragmented, underfunded, and reactive. Statistical analyses indicate a significant positive relationship between the adoption of cyber diplomacy strategies and the mitigation of state-sponsored cyberattacks (r = 0.514, p < 0.05), confirming that diplomatic initiatives contribute meaningfully to national cyber resilience. Comparative analysis highlights international best practices, including anticipatory norm-setting, multilateral treaty participation, capacity-building, and coordinated public-private partnerships, which, if adopted, could enhance Nigeria’s cyber posture. The study concludes that cyber diplomacy is an indispensable instrument for safeguarding critical infrastructure, enhancing Nigeria’s international credibility, and fostering cooperation in the global cyberspace governance ecosystem. Policy recommendations emphasize strategic institutional coordination, sustained investment in technical capacity, and proactive engagement in global cyber norm-building.

Youth participation in agriculture is pivotal for alleviating poverty and promoting rural development in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study examines the influence of agricultural transformation programs specifically, the Building a Better Tomorrow (BBT) initiative and the Agricultural Growth Corridors of Tanzania (AGCOT) on youth economic well-being in the Ruvuma Region. Employing a mixed-methods research design, data were collected through structured questionnaires administered across three districts: Madaba DC, Songea DC, and Mbinga DC. The resulting data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques to provide comprehensive insights into the programs’ impact. Findings show that skills training, access to land, finance, and job creation significantly improve youth livelihoods, with skills acquisition having the greatest impact. Through participation in BBT and AGCOT, youth reported stronger confidence, better decision-making, and greater engagement in agribusiness. However, challenges such as insecure land tenure, financial barriers, and inadequate skills remain major obstacles. The study recommends that agricultural transformation initiatives should be paired with skills development programs, equitable access to resources, employment opportunities, and supportive policies to achieve sustainable youth empowerment and long-term economic well-being.

The WISE Waste Bank (Waste Innovation for Social Empowerment) is a community-based waste management initiative established through the Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility (TJSL) program of PT Pertamina Patra Niaga Fuel Terminal Cikampek in Pasirtanjung Village, Karawang, Indonesia. This study analyzes the social, economic, and environmental impacts of the WISE program as a form of social innovation for sustainable development. Using a qualitative descriptive case study, data were collected through interviews, participatory observation, questionnaires, and document analysis, supported by triangulation to ensure validity. Findings show that WISE has transformed waste management behavior from open burning and dumping into participatory and circular practices. Socially, it enhances community participation, strengthens gotong royong values, and empowers women and vulnerable groups. Economically, it provides waste-based savings, increases household income, and fosters local entrepreneurship. Environmentally, it reduces open burning in more than 17 sites, improves irrigation quality, and turns organic waste into valuable products. Recognized through the 2024 ProKlim Utama Award, WISE demonstrates how CSR-based social innovation can effectively integrate empowerment and sustainability in rural communities.

The Kampung BIRU (Integrated Urban Riparian Cultivation) program is a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiative by PT Pertamina Patra Niaga AFT Halim Perdanakusuma, implemented in Cawang Village, East Jakarta, since 2024. This program was designed to address the complex urban challenges, particularly the social, economic, and environmental vulnerabilities experienced by communities living along the Ciliwung River. This study aims to describe the impacts of Kampung BIRU on three main dimensions: social, economic, and environmental. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and document analysis, and then thematically analyzed. The results indicate that Kampung BIRU has produced significant positive impacts. Socially, the program increases community participation, strengthens social cohesion, and empowers vulnerable groups through collective activities. Economically, it creates new livelihood opportunities through urban farming and circular waste management, contributing to food security and household income. Environmentally, Kampung BIRU transforms riverbank areas into productive green spaces, reduces waste volume, improves riparian ecosystem quality, and enhances flood preparedness among residents. Overall, Kampung BIRU represents an innovative CSR model that integrates social, economic, and environmental dimensions in a sustainable manner. The program also contributes directly to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), and SDG 13 (Climate Action).

North Bandung is a region with abundant natural resources but faces socio-economic and environmental challenges, including poverty, unemployment, vulnerability of marginalized groups, and ecological degradation due to unsustainable resource management. In response, PT Pertamina Patra Niaga AFT Husein Sastranegara initiated the SEKOP SENI (Sentra Kopi Sejahterakan Petani) program in Suntenjaya Village. The program aims to empower the community through coffee-based economic activities, social capacity building, and the application of zero waste principles and environmental conservation. A qualitative case study approach was employed, with data collected through observation, semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and document review, then analyzed thematically using the Miles and Huberman model. The findings show that socially, SEKOP SENI strengthens community cohesion, enhances youth participation, and improves nutrition for vulnerable groups. Economically, it increases farmers’ income from IDR 0–250,000 to IDR 1,750,000 per month, develops coffee-based MSMEs, and enhances energy efficiency through biogas. Environmentally, the program implements zero waste by converting livestock waste into energy and fertilizer, utilizing coffee husks as cascara, and practicing coffee-saninten agroforestry. Overall, SEKOP SENI demonstrates that CSR can be an innovative tool for sustainable development, effectively integrating social, economic, and environmental benefits, while contributing to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Indonesia has evolved from a philanthropic obligation into a strategic mechanism for achieving sustainable and inclusive development. This study investigates the implementation of Pertamina Patra Niaga Fuel Terminal Bandung’s CSR initiative, “Berbagi Rasa dan Ceita,” realized through the Café Inklusi Kopi Berbagi program. Using a qualitative case study approach, the research explores how social, economic, and environmental dimensions intersect to empower persons with disabilities, particularly the deaf community. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis, followed by content analysis with source triangulation to ensure validity. The results demonstrate that the café fosters social inclusion by reducing stigma and enhancing the self-confidence of persons with disabilities; economically, it generates sustainable income, strengthens the coffee supply chain, and creates multiplier effects for local SMEs; environmentally, it integrates eco-friendly practices and supports Javan slow loris conservation. The findings affirm that CSR-based social innovation can serve as an effective framework for inclusive and sustainable community development, contributing directly to the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Indonesia.

This study explores the pivotal role of women in agricultural production in Macheke, Zimbabwe, with a focus on their contributions, challenges, and perceptions. Adopting a qualitative research method, the study gathered data from 30 participants through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The research objectives were to investigate the contributions of women in agricultural production, identify the challenges they face, and understand their perceptions. The findings reveal that women play a vital role in agricultural production, significantly contributing to food security, household income, and economic growth. However, they encounter various challenges, including limited access to productive resources, a lack of knowledge and training, and underrepresentation in leadership positions. To address these challenges, the study recommends that policymakers develop and implement policies that promote women's participation in agriculture, improve their access to productive resources, such as land, inputs, and credit, and provide training and capacity-building programs. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of women's empowerment in improving their participation in agriculture and enhancing their livelihoods. These findings have significant implications for policy and practice, emphasising the need for policymakers and practitioners to develop and implement policies and programs that support women's participation in agriculture and address the challenges they face. Ultimately, contributing to a deeper understanding of the role of women in agricultural production and informing strategies to promote their empowerment and participation in the agricultural sector.